Visualise hybrid orbitals in 3D – Free JEE Simulation

Direct answer

See sp, sp², sp³, sp³d and sp³d² hybrid orbitals in 3D with their bond angles, s character and leftover p orbitals.

Each big lobe is one hybrid orbital pointing at a bonded atom. In sp and sp² the leftover p orbitals (green) stand perpendicular and form π bonds.

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Hybridisation in 3D (sp, sp², sp³, sp³d, sp³d²)

Chemical bonding

Hybridisation sp3

Show unhybridised p Yes

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What's happening? Each big lobe is one hybrid orbital pointing at a bonded atom. In sp and sp² the leftover p orbitals (green) stand perpendicular and form π bonds.

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Where it is in NCERT: Class 11 Chemistry Part I, “Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure” (VSEPR Theory, Hybridisation, Molecular Orbital Theory, Hydrogen Bonding) · ncert.nic.in
Topic notes and formulas: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Printable formula sheet
Chapter-wise JEE Main PYQs (10)

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The matching part of a free lecture: Hybridisation (03:51:55) — JEE Wallah
See it in 3D: VSEPR Molecular Shapes in 3D · Molecular Orbitals in 3D (σ, σ*, π, π*)
Other trusted simulations: Molecule Shapes (PhET, University of Colorado) · Molecule Polarity (PhET, University of Colorado) · Molecular Orbital Viewer (Paul Falstad) · ChemTube3D: molecular orbitals (University of Liverpool)

Terms used on this page

Hybridisation

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FAQs

Frequently asked questions

What is the s character of sp² hybrid orbitals?

33.3% (one s orbital mixed with two p orbitals).

Why does sp carbon form two π bonds?

Two p orbitals stay unhybridised and perpendicular to the bond axis; each forms one π bond, as in ethyne.

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