Semiconductors and Electronic Devices: One-Page Formula Sheet

Semiconductors and Electronic Devices — formula sheet

Formulas

• Full-wave rectifier output frequency = 2 × input frequency
• Zener current I_Z = I_S − I_L
• n_e n_h = n_i²
• NAND and NOR are universal gates

Key ideas

• n-type: donor impurity, electrons majority; p-type: acceptor, holes majority
• Forward bias reduces the barrier; reverse bias increases it
• A Zener diode in reverse breakdown regulates voltage
• Logic gates: AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR and their truth tables

Traps to avoid

• Misreading diode direction in circuits
• Forgetting the 0.7 V drop when the question uses it
• Truth table errors with combined gates

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