Visualise lens and mirror ray tracing in 3D

Q: What image does a convex mirror always form?

Virtual, erect and diminished, between the pole and the focus.

Direct answer

Trace a full 3D cone of rays through convex and concave lenses and mirrors, and read image distance, magnification and nature.

A whole cone of rays leaves the tip of the object. For a real image they all meet at one point; for a virtual image they only appear to come from one (dashed).

Simulation

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Lens and Mirror Ray Tracing in 3D

Ray optics

Optic Convex lens

Focal length |f| (cm) 12 cm

Object distance |u| (cm) 30 cm

Object height (cm) 4 cm

Drag to rotate, two fingers or right-drag to pan, scroll or pinch to zoom. The toolbar has views, cutaway, measure and “show the maths”.

What's happening? A whole cone of rays leaves the tip of the object. For a real image they all meet at one point; for a virtual image they only appear to come from one (dashed).

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Where it is in NCERT: Class 12 Physics Part II, “Ray Optics and Optical Instruments” (Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and by Lenses, Total Internal Reflection, Refraction through a Prism, Optical Instruments) · ncert.nic.in
Topic notes and formulas: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
Printable formula sheet
Chapter-wise JEE Main PYQs (16)