Ionic Equilibrium (pH, Buffers, Ksp) notes
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Ionic Equilibrium (pH, Buffers, Ksp): One-Page Formula Sheet
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Last updated: 26 October 2026
Formula sheet
Ionic Equilibrium (pH, Buffers, Ksp) formulas
Ionic Equilibrium (pH, Buffers, Ksp) — formula sheet
Formulas
- Weak acid: [H⁺] = √(Ka C)
- Henderson: pH = pKa + log([salt]/[acid])
- Ksp for AB₂: 4s³
- Salt of weak acid + strong base: pH = 7 + ½(pKa + log C)
Key ideas
- pH + pOH = 14 at 25 °C
- Buffers resist pH change; Henderson equation gives their pH
- Common ion lowers solubility
- Precipitation happens when ionic product > Ksp
Traps to avoid
- Using the strong-acid formula for weak acids
- Forgetting dilution when two solutions are mixed
- Wrong Ksp expression for the formula
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